In February 2021, I testified before committees in both the U.S. House and Senate regarding the costs and consequences of replacing the current level of hydrocarbon energy production with wind, solar energy and batteries. Then, in May, the International Energy Agency (IEA), the world’s pre-eminent source of energy information for governments, published a report, “The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions,”[1] which supports, in extensive detail, my view that this transition cannot be accomplished anytime soon, that it certainly won’t be “clean,” and that it presents serious geopolitical risks.